Dr. Octagon is one of Kool Keith's many personas. He feels that for certain albums, he expresses himself better if he's in a character. The idea behind Dr. Octo is as such:
He's a surgeon from the year 3000 who was involved in a major malpractice suit. As part of the punishment, he's sent back to the year 2000 to continue his practice in these times. The end result is exactly what you've heard. :)
The only albums I can vouch for him having are:
Dr Octagon-Dr Octagonecologyst Dr Octagon-Instrumentalyst (Octagon Beats) Dr Octagon-3000 (EP) Dr Octagon-Blue Flowers (EP)
I wouldn't be surprised if Keith has released more, due to the popularity of the above releases.
Hope this helps.